Battery passport glossary: the terms of the Battery Regulation explained

Access tiers

Also: Access levels

The three groups by which Art. 77(2) organises access to the battery passport: the public (Annex XIII, point 1), persons with a legitimate interest (points 2 and 4), and notified bodies, market surveillance authorities and the Commission (points 2 and 3). The Regulation does not use the word ‘tier’; it speaks of access rights (Art. 78(b) and (f)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 77 · See also: Legitimate interest, Annex XIII, Notified body, Market surveillance authority

Annex XIII

Also: Annex 13

The annex of the Battery Regulation that sets out which information goes into the battery passport and who may see it. Point 1 covers public model information, point 2 model information for persons with a legitimate interest, point 3 test reports only for notified bodies, market surveillance authorities and the Commission, and point 4 the data of the individual battery for persons with a legitimate interest. The Commission may amend the annex by delegated act (Art. 77(2)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Annex XIII · See also: Battery passport, Access tiers, Legitimate interest

Authorised representative

Any natural or legal person established in the Union who has received a written mandate from a manufacturer to act on its behalf in relation to specified tasks under Chapters IV and VI (Art. 3(1), point 63). The mandate cannot cover the obligations of Art. 38(1), the due diligence obligations or drawing up the technical documentation (Art. 40). It differs from the authorised representative for extended producer responsibility (Art. 3(1), point 48).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Manufacturer, Economic operator

BattDG

Also: Batterierecht-Durchführungsgesetz

Germany’s Batterierecht-Durchführungsgesetz, the act that implements the Battery Regulation in German law. Among other things it sets competences and fines: not ensuring that the passport information is accurate, complete and up to date is an administrative offence with a fine of up to EUR 10,000 (section 60). Considerably higher maximum fines apply to registration and due diligence offences.

Defined in: Batterierecht-Durchführungsgesetz (BattDG), section 60 · See also: Battery Regulation, Market surveillance authority, Economic operator

Battery

Any device delivering electrical energy generated by direct conversion of chemical energy, having internal or external storage and consisting of one or more battery cells, modules or packs, including batteries after preparation for re-use or repurposing, repurposing or remanufacturing (Art. 3(1), point 1). In the Commission’s reading, the battery passport applies to the finished, safely working battery, not to its individual components.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery cell, Battery module, Battery pack, Industrial battery

Battery cell

Also: Cell

The basic functional unit in a battery, composed of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and, if applicable, separators, and containing the active materials whose reaction generates electrical energy (Art. 3(1), point 4). Suppliers of cells and modules must provide the manufacturer, free of charge, with the information and documentation it needs to comply with the Regulation (Art. 39).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery module, Battery pack, Battery

Battery due diligence

Also: Supply chain due diligence

The obligations of an economic operator regarding its management system, risk management, third-party verification and surveillance by notified bodies, and disclosure of information, to identify, prevent and address social and environmental risks linked to sourcing, processing and trading the raw materials needed for battery manufacturing (Art. 3(1), point 42). They apply from the date in Art. 48(1) as amended by Regulation (EU) 2025/1561 to economic operators with a net turnover of EUR 40 million or more, also at group level (Art. 47). Information from the report under Art. 52(3) goes into the public part of the battery passport.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Critical raw materials, Notified body, Economic operator

Battery management system

Also: BMS

An electronic device that controls or manages the electric and thermal functions of a battery to ensure its safety, performance and service life, manages and stores the data for the Annex VII parameters on state of health and expected lifetime, and communicates with the vehicle, appliance or charging infrastructure (Art. 3(1), point 25). For stationary battery energy storage systems, LMT and electric vehicle batteries it must keep this data up to date, and whoever has lawfully purchased the battery gets read-only access (Art. 14).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: State of health, State of charge, Stationary battery energy storage system

Battery model

A version of a battery whose units all share the same technical characteristics relevant to the Regulation’s sustainability, safety, labelling, marking and information requirements, and the same model identifier (Art. 3(1), point 19). The battery passport combines model information, which applies to every unit, with the information on the individual battery (Art. 77(2)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery passport, Unique identifier, GTIN

Battery module

Also: Module

A set of battery cells connected together or encapsulated within an outer casing to protect them against external impact, meant to be used alone or in combination with other modules (Art. 3(1), point 3). A module made available for end use without further incorporation is itself considered a battery (Art. 1(4)); as a component assembled into a finished battery in the EU it needs no battery passport of its own.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery cell, Battery pack, Battery

Battery pack

Also: Pack

A set of battery cells or modules connected together or encapsulated within an outer casing to form a complete unit that is not meant to be split up or opened by the end-user (Art. 3(1), point 2). Whether a pack is a battery with its own passport depends on whether it is placed on the market as the finished, working battery.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery module, Battery cell, Battery

Battery Pass consortium data model

Also: Battery Pass Data Model

The open, non-binding data model of the Battery Pass project consortium, which describes the content of the battery passport per battery category as machine-readable schemas. It is neither a legal act nor a standard; the technical structure the registry checks passports against is to come from the Commission’s semantic repository. Not to be confused with BatteryPass, the software product of this website.

Defined in: Battery Pass consortium data model (BatteryPass Data Model, GEFEG GitLab) · See also: DIN DKE SPEC 99100, Semantic repository, Annex XIII

Battery passport

Also: Digital battery passport, Batteries Passport

The electronic record under Article 77 of the Battery Regulation that every LMT battery, every industrial battery with a capacity greater than 2 kWh and every electric vehicle battery must have when it is placed on the market or put into service from the start date set in Art. 77(1), one for each individual battery. It holds information on the battery model and on the individual battery as set out in Annex XIII, is reached through the QR code on the battery and is organised by access rights. It must be fully interoperable with the digital product passports required under ecodesign law (Art. 78(a)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 77 · See also: Annex XIII, Unique identifier, Access tiers, Digital product passport

Battery Regulation

Also: EU Battery Regulation, Batteries Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2023/1542

Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning batteries and waste batteries. It sets sustainability, safety, labelling, information and due diligence requirements, rules for waste batteries and, in Articles 77 and 78, the battery passport. As a regulation it applies directly in every Member State; penalties are laid down nationally, in Germany by the BattDG.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries · See also: Battery passport, Annex XIII, Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, BattDG

Battery with external storage

A battery specifically designed to have its energy stored exclusively in one or more attached external devices (Art. 3(1), point 8). Industrial batteries with exclusively external storage are exempt from recycled content documentation (Art. 8) and from the minimum performance and durability values (Art. 10(2)); their carbon footprint declaration applies later (Art. 7(1)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Industrial battery, Recycled content, Carbon footprint

Carbon footprint

Also: CO2 footprint

The sum of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in a product system, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents and based on a Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) study using only the climate change impact category (Art. 3(1), point 21). Art. 7 requires a carbon footprint declaration per battery model and manufacturing plant for electric vehicle batteries, rechargeable industrial batteries above 2 kWh and LMT batteries. It applies at the earliest 12 months (electric vehicle batteries) or 18 months after the delegated act on the calculation method and the implementing act on the format enter into force; both were missing when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Delegated act, Implementing act, Recycled content

CE marking

Also: CE mark

A marking by which a manufacturer indicates that the battery meets the applicable requirements of the Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing (Art. 3(1), point 36). The manufacturer affixes it after the conformity assessment and the EU declaration of conformity (Art. 38, Articles 19 and 20); importers and distributors check that it is present.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: EU declaration of conformity, Conformity assessment

Conformity assessment

The process demonstrating whether the sustainability, safety, labelling, information and due diligence requirements of the Battery Regulation have been fulfilled (Art. 3(1), point 39). The manufacturer carries it out under the procedures in Art. 17 and Annex VIII, some of which involve a notified body. It then draws up the EU declaration of conformity and affixes the CE marking (Art. 38).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Notified body, EU declaration of conformity, CE marking

Critical raw materials

Raw materials that the EU classifies as critical because of their economic importance and supply risk; the list is in Annex II of Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Art. 4). The Battery Regulation does not define the term itself, but requires the label and the public part of the battery passport to name the critical raw materials present in the battery above 0.1 % weight by weight (Annex VI, Part A, point 10, and Annex XIII, point 1).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1252, Article 4: List of critical raw materials · See also: Annex XIII, Battery due diligence

Data carrier

A linear barcode symbol, a two-dimensional symbol or another automatic identification data capture medium that can be read by a device (Art. 2, point 29, of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation). For the battery passport the data carrier is the QR code under Art. 13(6) of the Battery Regulation.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), Article 2 · See also: QR code, Digital product passport, Unique identifier

Data provenance

Also: Provenance

The traceable origin of a data value: who entered or supplied it and when, which source or evidence it comes from, and how it has changed since. The Battery Regulation does not use the term, but it requires the authenticity, reliability and integrity of passport data to be ensured (Art. 78(g)); documented provenance is one way to show this.

See also: Four-eyes principle, Battery passport, Economic operator

Delegated act

A legal act by which the Commission supplements or amends a regulation under a power conferred by it; it enters into force only if neither the European Parliament nor the Council objects within the set period (Art. 89 of the Battery Regulation). For the battery passport this covers, among others, the methods for the carbon footprint and recycled content, minimum performance and durability values, and amendments to Annex XIII. Several of these acts were still missing when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 89 · See also: Implementing act, Carbon footprint, Recycled content, Annex XIII

Digital product passport

Also: DPP

A set of data specific to a product that includes the information specified in a delegated act under the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation and is accessible electronically through a data carrier (Art. 2, point 28, of Regulation (EU) 2024/1781). The battery passport is based on the Battery Regulation rather than on such a delegated act, but must be fully interoperable with digital product passports (Art. 78(a) of the Battery Regulation).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), Article 2 · See also: Battery passport, Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, Data carrier, Digital product passport service provider

Digital product passport registry

Also: DPP registry, EU registry

The Commission’s digital product passport registry under Art. 13 of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, which also stores the unique identifiers of batteries; the economic operator uploads the identifier (Art. 77(10) of the Battery Regulation). Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778 sets out its structure, registration and identity verification. The passport itself stays with the economic operator; the registry mainly records registration data and metadata.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), Article 13 · See also: Unique identifier, Unique registration identifier, Qualified electronic seal, Semantic repository

Digital product passport service provider

Also: DPP service provider

A natural or legal person that is an independent third party authorised by the economic operator placing a product on the market or putting it into service, and that processes the product’s passport data to make them available to those with a right of access (Art. 2, point 32, of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation). The Battery Regulation does not define this role, but operators storing passport data on someone’s behalf may not sell, re-use or process it beyond that service (Art. 78(d) of the Battery Regulation).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), Article 2 · See also: Economic operator, Digital product passport, Digital product passport registry

DIN DKE SPEC 99100

A DIN SPEC titled ‘Requirements for data attributes of the battery passport’ (edition 2025-02, in English, free of charge from DIN Media). It describes the data attributes of the battery passport in detail, but it is not a harmonised standard and gives no presumption of conformity.

Defined in: DIN DKE SPEC 99100:2025-02 (DIN Media) · See also: Battery Pass consortium data model, Harmonised standard, Annex XIII

Distributor

Any natural or legal person in the supply chain, other than the manufacturer or the importer, who makes a battery available on the market (Art. 3(1), point 65). Distributors act with due care and check, among other things, the CE marking, the Art. 13 labelling and the accompanying documents (Art. 42). A distributor that places a battery on the market under its own name or modifies it in a way that may affect compliance is considered a manufacturer (Art. 44).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Making available on the market, Importer, Manufacturer

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation

Also: ESPR, Regulation (EU) 2024/1781

Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for sustainable products. It introduces the digital product passport and the registry that also stores the identifiers of batteries, and for that purpose added Art. 77(10) to the Battery Regulation.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation) · See also: Digital product passport, Digital product passport registry, Battery Regulation

Economic operator

The Battery Regulation’s collective term for the manufacturer, the authorised representative, the importer, the distributor and the fulfilment service provider, and any other natural or legal person with obligations relating to the manufacture, preparation for re-use or repurposing, repurposing or remanufacturing of batteries, to making them available or placing them on the market, including online, or to putting them into service (Art. 3(1), point 22). The economic operator that places the battery on the market is responsible for its battery passport; it may authorise others in writing but remains responsible itself (Art. 77(4)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Manufacturer, Importer, Placing on the market, Authorised representative

Electric vehicle battery

Also: EV battery

A battery specifically designed to power the traction of hybrid or electric vehicles of categories M, N or O, or of category L where it weighs more than 25 kg (Art. 3(1), point 14). Every electric vehicle battery needs a battery passport from the start date; its battery management system also provides the SOCE value under Annex VII, Part A.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: LMT battery, Industrial battery, Battery management system

Energy round trip efficiency

Also: Round trip efficiency, RTE

The ratio of the net energy delivered by a battery during a discharge test to the total energy required to restore the initial state of charge by a standard charge (Annex IV). The public part of the battery passport states it initially and at 50 % of cycle life (Annex XIII, point 1(n)). For stationary storage and LMT batteries the remaining value is, where applicable, part of the battery management system data (Annex VII, Part A).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Annex IV · See also: Performance and durability, State of charge, Battery management system

EU declaration of conformity

Also: Declaration of conformity, DoC

The declaration by which the manufacturer states that compliance with the requirements of Articles 6 to 10, 12, 13 and 14 has been demonstrated, and assumes responsibility for the battery’s compliance with the Regulation (Art. 18). It follows the model structure in Annex IX, must be kept up to date and is drawn up in electronic format. It is part of the public part of the battery passport (Annex XIII, point 1(r)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 18 · See also: CE marking, Conformity assessment, Manufacturer

Four-eyes principle

Also: Four-eyes review, Dual control

A control rule under which a second person reviews and approves a value or change before it takes effect, so that whoever enters data does not approve it. For the battery passport it lowers the risk of incorrect information, for which the responsible economic operator answers (Art. 77(4)); the Regulation does not require it.

See also: Data provenance, Economic operator

GLN

Also: Global Location Number

Global Location Number: a GS1 number companies use to identify locations and parties, such as a legal entity, a function, a physical or a digital location. In a battery passport it can identify the economic operator or the manufacturing plant, for example; the Battery Regulation does not prescribe it.

Defined in: GS1: Global Location Number (GLN) · See also: GTIN, GS1 Digital Link, Economic operator

GS1 Digital Link

A GS1 standard that expresses GS1 identifiers such as GTIN, GLN, batch or serial number as a web address (URI), so that one code carries the identifier and also leads to online information. In the address the GTIN follows the key 01 and the serial number the key 21. The Battery Regulation prescribes no particular scheme; GS1 Digital Link is one way to meet the requirements for the QR code and the unique identifier.

Defined in: GS1 Digital Link · See also: GTIN, Resolver, QR code, Unique identifier

GTIN

Also: Global Trade Item Number

Global Trade Item Number: a GS1 number a company uses to identify its trade items uniquely, meaning products or services that are priced, ordered or invoiced at any point in the supply chain. In a battery passport it usually identifies the battery model; together with a serial number it can form the unique identifier of an individual battery, for example in a GS1 Digital Link. The Battery Regulation does not prescribe the GTIN.

Defined in: GS1: Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) · See also: GS1 Digital Link, GLN, Battery model

Harmonised standard

A European standard adopted on the basis of a request made by the Commission for the application of Union harmonisation legislation (Art. 3(1), point 35, referring to Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012). A battery that conforms to a harmonised standard published in the Official Journal is presumed to meet the requirements that standard covers (Art. 15(3)). The first harmonised standard under the Battery Regulation, EN 18060:2025, covers performance and durability of electric vehicle batteries; for stationary and other industrial batteries there was none when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Conformity assessment, DIN DKE SPEC 99100, Performance and durability

Implementing act

A legal act by which the Commission lays down uniform conditions for implementing a regulation, under the control of a committee of Member State representatives (Art. 90 of the Battery Regulation, Regulation (EU) No 182/2011). For the battery passport this covers, among others, the access rights under Art. 77(9), the label specifications under Art. 13(10) and the format of the carbon footprint declaration. Several of these acts had not been adopted when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 90 · See also: Delegated act, Legitimate interest, Digital product passport registry

Importer

Any natural or legal person established within the Union who places on the market a battery from a third country (Art. 3(1), point 64). Before doing so, the importer checks, among other things, the EU declaration of conformity, the technical documentation, the CE marking and the Art. 13 labelling (Art. 41). As the economic operator placing the battery on the market, it is responsible for its battery passport.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Economic operator, Placing on the market, Manufacturer

Independent operator

A natural or legal person who is independent from the manufacturer and the producer and is directly or indirectly involved in the repair, maintenance or repurposing of batteries, including waste management operators, repairers, makers and sellers of repair equipment, tools or spare parts, publishers of technical information, inspection and testing services and training providers (Art. 3(1), point 23). Whether and to which non-public passport data they get access is to be set by the implementing act under Art. 77(9).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Legitimate interest, Repurposing, Economic operator

Industrial battery

A battery specifically designed for industrial uses, intended for industrial uses after preparation for repurposing or repurposing, or any other battery that weighs more than 5 kg and is neither an electric vehicle, LMT nor SLI battery (Art. 3(1), point 13). Stationary battery energy storage systems are a sub-type. Industrial batteries with a capacity greater than 2 kWh need a battery passport.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Stationary battery energy storage system, Battery with external storage, Portable battery, Battery

ISO/IEC 15459

An international series of standards on unique identification, whose parts 1 to 6 Art. 77(3) requires for the QR code and the unique identifier of the battery passport, or equivalent standards. The Battery Regulation therefore sets no particular numbering scheme; the Commission may update the list of standards by delegated act.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 77 · See also: Unique identifier, QR code, GS1 Digital Link

Legitimate interest

The condition for access to the non-public passport information in Annex XIII, points 2 and 4 (Art. 77(2)(c)). The Regulation names two purposes: dismantling, safety measures and detailed composition, so that repairers, remanufacturers, second-life operators and recyclers can do their work, and, for individual batteries, enabling the purchaser to make the battery available to independent aggregators or energy market participants. Who exactly has a legitimate interest is to be set by an implementing act under Art. 77(9), which existed only as a draft when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 77 · See also: Access tiers, Implementing act, Independent operator, Annex XIII

LMT battery

Also: Light means of transport battery

Light means of transport battery: a sealed battery weighing 25 kg or less, specifically designed to power the traction of wheeled vehicles that can be driven by an electric motor alone or by motor and human power, including type-approved category L vehicles, and that is not an electric vehicle battery (Art. 3(1), point 11). E-bike and e-scooter batteries are typical examples. Every LMT battery needs a battery passport from the start date, whatever its capacity.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Electric vehicle battery, Industrial battery, Battery passport

Making available on the market

Any supply of a battery for distribution or use on the Union market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge (Art. 3(1), point 17). The first making available is the placing on the market; every later supply, such as by a distributor, is making available on the market.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Placing on the market, Distributor

Manufacturer

Any natural or legal person who manufactures a battery or has one designed or manufactured, and markets it under its own name or trademark or puts it into service for its own purposes (Art. 3(1), point 33). Anyone who prepares batteries for re-use or repurposing, repurposes or remanufactures them and places them on the market is also considered a manufacturer (Art. 38(11)). The German text of the Regulation calls this role ‘Erzeuger’ and uses ‘Hersteller’ for the producer under extended producer responsibility.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Producer, Economic operator, Importer, Authorised representative

Market surveillance authority

An authority designated by a Member State as responsible for carrying out market surveillance in its territory (Art. 3, point 4, of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, to which Art. 3(2) of the Battery Regulation refers). It has access to the information in Annex XIII, points 2 and 3, and can require corrective action, withdrawal or recall where a battery falls short of the requirements (Art. 79 et seq.).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, Article 3 · See also: Access tiers, Notified body, Economic operator

Notified body

A conformity assessment body notified in accordance with Chapter V of the Battery Regulation (Art. 3(1), point 41). It takes part in certain conformity assessment procedures (Art. 17) and verifies battery due diligence policies (Art. 48(2)). In the battery passport it has access to the information in Annex XIII, points 2 and 3.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Conformity assessment, Access tiers, Battery due diligence

Performance and durability

The electrochemical parameters in Annex IV, Part A: rated capacity and capacity fade, power and power fade, internal resistance and its increase, where applicable energy round trip efficiency and its fade, and the expected lifetime in cycles and calendar years. Rechargeable industrial batteries above 2 kWh, LMT and electric vehicle batteries must already be accompanied by a document with these values (Art. 10(1)); minimum values are to be set by delegated act (Art. 10(5)). In the battery passport the values appear at placing on the market and on changes of status (Annex XIII, point 4(a)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 10 · See also: Rated capacity, Energy round trip efficiency, State of health

Placing on the market

The first making available of a battery on the Union market (Art. 3(1), point 16). Most obligations attach to this event, including the battery passport, which is needed for batteries placed on the market or put into service from the start date. Later sales of the same battery are making available on the market, whereas a repurposed or remanufactured battery is placed on the market again (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Making available on the market, Putting into service, Economic operator

Portable battery

A sealed battery weighing 5 kg or less that is not designed specifically for industrial use and is neither an electric vehicle, LMT nor SLI battery (Art. 3(1), point 9). Portable batteries need no battery passport but carry a QR code with their required information from the start date (Art. 13(6)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Industrial battery, SLI battery, QR code

Preparation for re-use

Also: Preparing for re-use

A checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operation by which a battery that has become waste is prepared so that it can be re-used without any other pre-processing; the Battery Regulation takes this definition from the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC (Art. 3(1), point 29). The battery then needs a new battery passport linked to the original one (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Preparation for repurposing, Waste battery, Second life

Preparation for repurposing

Any operation by which a waste battery, or parts of it, is prepared so that it can be used for a purpose or application other than the one it was originally designed for (Art. 3(1), point 30). Unlike repurposing, it starts from a battery that is already waste. Afterwards, too, the battery needs a new battery passport linked to the original one (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Repurposing, Waste battery, Second life

Producer

The Battery Regulation’s term for extended producer responsibility: whoever, in a Member State, first supplies batteries, including incorporated ones, under its own name or trademark, first supplies batteries from another Member State or a third country there on a professional basis, or sells them there by distance contract directly to end-users (Art. 3(1), point 47). The producer carries the extended producer responsibility obligations such as registration (Art. 55), and takes over responsibility for the battery passport when a battery becomes waste, unless it passes to a producer responsibility organisation or a waste management operator (Art. 77(7)). The German text calls this role ‘Hersteller’ and the manufacturer ‘Erzeuger’.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Manufacturer, Producer responsibility organisation, Waste battery

Producer responsibility organisation

Also: PRO

A legal entity that financially, or financially and operationally, organises the fulfilment of extended producer responsibility obligations on behalf of several producers (Art. 3(1), point 49). When a battery becomes waste, responsibility for its battery passport can pass to such an organisation (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Producer, Waste battery

Putting into service

The first use, for its intended purpose, in the Union, of a battery that has not previously been placed on the market (Art. 3(1), point 18). This covers, for example, a battery that its manufacturer uses for its own purposes; such batteries also need a battery passport from the start date (Art. 77(1)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Placing on the market, Battery passport

QR code

A machine-readable matrix code that links to information required by the Battery Regulation (Art. 3(1), point 24). From the battery passport start date all batteries carry a QR code; for LMT batteries, electric vehicle batteries and industrial batteries above 2 kWh it gives access to the battery passport, for other batteries to the label information, the declaration of conformity and further required information (Art. 13(6)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Unique identifier, Data carrier, GS1 Digital Link

Qualified electronic seal

An advanced electronic seal that is created by a qualified electronic seal creation device and based on a qualified certificate for electronic seal (Art. 3, point 27, of the eIDAS Regulation (EU) No 910/2014); an electronic seal ensures the origin and integrity of data. Legal persons can use it to verify their identity in the digital product passport registry, and the registry seals the proof of registration with one (Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778, Articles 4 and 9).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 (eIDAS), Article 3 · See also: Digital product passport registry, Unique registration identifier

Rated capacity

The total number of ampere-hours (Ah) that can be withdrawn from a fully charged battery under reference conditions (Annex IV). It appears in the public part of the battery passport (Annex XIII, point 1(g)) and is the reference for capacity fade, state of charge and remanufacturing.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Annex IV · See also: State of charge, Performance and durability, Remanufacturing

Recycled content

The share of cobalt, lithium and nickel in active materials recovered from battery manufacturing waste or post-consumer waste, and the share of lead in the battery recovered from waste (Art. 8). For industrial batteries above 2 kWh without exclusively external storage, electric vehicle and SLI batteries it must be documented per battery model, year and manufacturing plant, at the earliest 24 months after the delegated act on the calculation method, which was missing when we checked on 25 October 2026; minimum shares follow later. In the battery passport this information is part of the public model data (Annex XIII, point 1(e)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 8 · See also: Delegated act, Battery with external storage, Carbon footprint

Remanufacturing

A technical operation on a used battery that includes disassembling and evaluating all its cells and modules and using new, used or recovered cells, modules or other components to restore at least 90 % of the original rated capacity, with the state of health of all cells differing by no more than 3 % (Art. 3(1), point 32). The battery then serves the same purpose as before and gets a new battery passport linked to the old one (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Repurposing, State of health, Rated capacity

Repurposing

Any operation that results in a battery that is not a waste battery, or parts of it, being used for a purpose or application other than the one it was originally designed for (Art. 3(1), point 31). A typical example is an electric vehicle battery that continues as stationary storage. The repurposed battery gets a new battery passport linked to the passport of the original battery (Art. 77(7)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Preparation for repurposing, Second life, Remanufacturing

Resolver

A web service that redirects the identifier from a scanned code, such as a GS1 Digital Link address, to one or more sources of information, for example the public page of a battery passport. GS1 specifies this behaviour in its own GS1-Conformant Resolver standard. Because the QR code stays on the battery for good, a resolver lets the target change without changing the code.

Defined in: GS1 Digital Link · See also: GS1 Digital Link, QR code, Unique identifier

Second life

A common term, not defined in law, for the continued use of a battery after its first application, usually after repurposing, such as an electric vehicle battery used as stationary storage. The Battery Regulation lists second-life operators among those who need dismantling and composition information (Art. 77(2)). The legally relevant terms are preparation for re-use, preparation for repurposing, repurposing and remanufacturing.

See also: Repurposing, Preparation for re-use, Remanufacturing

Semantic repository

A collection of data models and semantic definitions that specifies the core elements, names, data elements and ontology of digital product passports so that all users share one understanding across languages (Art. 2 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778). It is part of the digital product passport registry, which uses it to check the semantic conformity of registered passports. For batteries it was not yet complete when we checked on 25 October 2026.

Defined in: Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778, Article 2 · See also: Digital product passport registry, Battery Pass consortium data model

SLI battery

Also: Starting, lighting and ignition battery

A battery specifically designed to supply electric power for starting, lighting or ignition that can also be used for auxiliary or backup purposes in vehicles, other means of transport or machinery (Art. 3(1), point 12). SLI batteries need no battery passport but are covered by the recycled content rules (Art. 8).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Portable battery, Recycled content

State of charge

Also: SoC

The available energy in a battery expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity as declared by the manufacturer (Art. 3(1), point 27). The usage data of the individual battery in the passport include periodically recorded information on the state of charge (Annex XIII, point 4(d)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: State of health, Battery management system, Rated capacity

State of health

Also: SoH

A measure of the general condition of a rechargeable battery and its ability to deliver the specified performance compared with its initial condition (Art. 3(1), point 28). Annex VII lists the parameters, such as the remaining capacity for stationary storage and LMT batteries. In the battery passport the state of health belongs to the data of the individual battery (Annex XIII, point 4(b)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Battery management system, State of charge, Remanufacturing, Performance and durability

Stationary battery energy storage system

Also: BESS, Stationary storage

An industrial battery with internal storage specifically designed to store electricity from the grid and deliver it to the grid, or to store and deliver it for end-users, regardless of where and by whom it is used (Art. 3(1), point 15). Home storage is covered just as much as commercial and grid-scale storage. Above 2 kWh it needs a battery passport, and its battery management system must already hold up-to-date Annex VII data (Art. 14(1)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Industrial battery, Battery management system, State of health

Unique identifier

A unique string of characters for the identification of batteries that also enables a web link to the battery passport (Art. 3(1), point 66). The economic operator placing the battery on the market attributes it; it is linked to the QR code and must comply with ISO/IEC 15459 or equivalent standards (Art. 77(3)). The operator also uploads it to the digital product passport registry (Art. 77(10)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: QR code, ISO/IEC 15459, GS1 Digital Link, Digital product passport registry

Unique registration identifier

The identifier that the digital product passport registry issues automatically when an economic operator uploads its data (Art. 13(5) of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, Art. 8 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1778). The registry’s notification is not proof of compliance. According to the Commission, the identifier of a battery passport, unlike that of a passport under the Ecodesign Regulation, is not entered in the customs declaration.

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2024/1781 (Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation), Article 13 · See also: Digital product passport registry, Qualified electronic seal, Unique identifier

Waste battery

A battery that is waste as defined in the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC (Art. 3(1), point 50), meaning a battery that its holder discards or intends or is required to discard. Once a battery has the status ‘waste’, responsibility for its battery passport passes to the producer, a producer responsibility organisation or a waste management operator; after recycling the passport ceases to exist (Art. 77(7) and (8)).

Defined in: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Article 3 · See also: Producer, Producer responsibility organisation, Preparation for repurposing